The Automotive Industry in the 21st Century Essay

The Automotive Industry in the 21st Century - Essay Example This industry is of great economic meaning to various countries that have exploited it largely for trade and employment creation. It is also evident that the industry has largely experienced change and improvement in technology, though to a limited extent. The case note from European Case Clearing House (ECCH) on the automobile industry covers the social and political significance of the automobile industry within the first ten years of the 21st century. It gives information on the challenges faced by the industry in the constant profit making process at each stage. It also gives details on the value chain involved in the industry. Challenges in the introduction and effects of new technology are also given a wide view, including the rigidity in the application and use of particular raw materials. The competition in the industry has been on with different innovations emerging, as a result. More improvements have been seen, which has brought a variety of commodities for consumers to choose from. The major players in the field include the general motors’ company of the United States, Toyota Motor Corporation of Japan, Hyundai motors of South Korea, Renault of France among others. Background Background The development automobile traces its origin late in the twentieth century. Entrepreneurs and engineers dealing in machinery in Europe and the US geared its progress. The countries included Germany producing their first car, France, United States and Japan, which also made their first cars between 1890 and 1914. 1) Scale and economic importance of the industry The industry scale is one that can be termed as large in a general view. This is because it ranges from large-scale manufacture of cars and car parts widely spread in renowned nations such as China, Japan, USA, Germany, UK, among others. It is global since the trade barriers reduction has encouraged wide investments in the emerging markets (Mitchell, Borroni-Bird & Burns, 2007). Most manufacturers export their automobile products and some kept for their domestic markets. There is various economic importance of the industry being exhibited worldwide. To begin with, it provides market for fuel producing industries. Al l automobiles require fuel or energy to propel them. Petroleum is the most widely used fuel by most automobiles. Petroleum refining industries, therefore, market their products to the automobile users. Refined steel has been used constantly used in the bodybuilding, as explained by Constable and Procter (2007). Another sector that has developed is employment creation. For instance, in Germany, the sector provides for not less than 14 percent of people employed in the manufacturing. The world has, to a significant extent, experienced unemployment problems in the 21st century; motor vehicle industry has helped curb the problem through employing engineers, entrepreneurs, and managers, sales personnel among other professionals on permanent and casual basis. The industry is a major source of income. Innovation in the automobile industry has led to an increase in flexibility and mobility of cash inflow to the various countries that deal in the industry. Marketing of the products and their spare parts locally and abroad generates cash. It can be noted that the industry is a major global driver of growth. 2) The static technology of the industry and factors that make it difficult for the industry to change to technology Technological innovations in the automobile sector has been rather static due to various factors including safety, risk of job loss, and

Can criminological theories help manage crime in the workplace

Can criminological theories help manage crime in the workplace Security management is a task that required diverse skills which include human management, time management and some fundamental theories as guiding principles. The essence of the knowledge of these theories in relation to criminology to Security Managers should not be undermined in order to have and effectively achieve the organisations set goals or key performance indicators. This essay shall focus on how the knowledge of these theories could enhance the performance of a Security Manager in the work place in relation to theft and theft related offences in the retail business environment. However, if we give heed to the macro theory of criminology, a bigger picture surrounding the cost of theft in the retail industry rather than just focusing on cost of goods stolen in isolation can be fully examined. It should be noted from the onset that there are some other offences which can be perpetrated as part of criminal conduct that can ensue alongside the particular offence of retail theft e.g. assault inflicted on staff who have no choice but to physically engage a thief in the workplace (BRC Retail Crime Survey, 2009). Various reports including the crime survey by the British Retail Consortium (BRC) indicate with interest that thefts in retail shops are also being perpetrated by employees, and therefore note should be made that the offence is not exclusively being perpetrated by customers. As mainstream surveys tend to cover those who are not under the category of the organisations labour force, it is important to consider this dimension in the essay as the impact of such losses to retail industry cannot be ignored. On many occasions, there are complimentary offences but aspects relating to theft shall be considered in this essay. There have been several schools of thought in relation to applying criminological theories to crime management. They suggested that effective crime managements could only be achieved by using these theories conjunctively. Strengths and weaknesses of these theories shall be analysed and their relevance to the theft management in a retail business environment shall also be considered. The class of the offenders guilty of this crime, motivational factors and how they are carried out shall also be discussed using the appropriate theories and a strategy to managing and reducing delinquency. The 1968 theft act proscribes theft as; ..A person is guilty of theft if he dishonestly appropriate property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it; and thief and steal shall be construed accordingly (Theft Act 1968, sec 1:1). Shoplifting is a common delinquency in the retail business which impacts on stock shrinkage and cost of business insurance. However in general public and media discourse, it is widely accepted that retail theft is a petty crime and there are attempts to explain this phenomenon using theories such as criminal deviant behaviour. In this context, and in such a class based society as the UK, it is not unusually that retail theft is associated with the underprivileged in the society. Such perceptions make it difficult for the police and security managers to take seriously the impact this crime has on high tax paying industries such the retail sector, which incidentally offers employment to millions of workers in the country. Some other criminological theories such as the expected utility principle can breed compliancy in the work done by security managers as this theory assumes that potential criminals are rational beings who can be deterred from committing offences because people will act in an a manner that will increase their benefits and reduce their losses. In this context, the expected utility principle suggests that the commitment of the supposed petty crime of retail theft by employees is unlikely to occur as workers will give heed to their vested economic interest in remaining employed. However, there may be a lack of indebt knowledge of what constitutes retail theft. For instance, an employee inadvertently using part of the companys inventory such as stationeries, souvenirs for self benefit and is within the ambit of the theft act 1968 is guilty of theft. Another sinister form of retail theft involves employees who connive with criminals and pretend not to see the crime being committed. These usually involve the use of false drivers licence and stolen bank statements. . . . . . . . . . .Fraud is an act of deception carried out for the purpose of unfair, undeserved and/or unlawful gain, especially financial gain. (BRC Retail Crime Survey, 2009:pg24). . . . . . . . . . .Card fraud in the BCS (British Crime Survey) is defined as using plastic payment cards, such as bank, debit, credit or store cards, to take money without permission or prior knowledge from a bank, building society or credit card account (or to charge money to credit/debit cards). (Home Office Statistical Bulletin 08/10:pg25). The 2008/09 BCS report reported that plastic card owners who had fallen victim of card fraud had increased. Only 6.4 per cent of card fraud victim confirmed that they were aware that crimes had been committed with their cards within the last 12 month compared to 4.7 per cent in the previous year (Home Office Statistical Bulletin 08/10:pg25). In a bid to demonstrate why people commit crime, the motivational factors, and various groups of people with criminal behaviours and how combinations of criminological theories help in crime management. Rational Choice and Routine Activities theories shall be considered in relation to their relevance to crime management in a mobile phone retailer like Carphone Warehouse Plc. Rational Choice theorists believe that offenders decision to commit crime is based on the available opportunity and that the benefit of their crime outweighing the costs (Nagin et al, 2002). Rational choice theorists believe that crime is a function of individual choice which is influenced by its costs and benefits (Akers et al, 2004). Researches have shown that out of 50 interviewees in a research on shoplifting, 88% admitted that they had shoplifted and 42% of these people take stealing as the only way to earn their living. The average age of offenders as gathered during the interview was 12 years (Schneider, 2005). It is important to have the indebt knowledge of crime costs and its benefit, proportionate sentence and the types of punishment given to those who have committed similar crimes in the past or whether they avoided punishments. With this knowledge in place, it will be more likely to deter crime if its costs are made higher than the benefits e.g., enhancing the protection in places, target hardening, and more punishments when offenders are caught. In a situation where punishments are certain, motivated offenders may not want to subject themselves to hard work before committing the offence (Cullen Agnew, 2002). Rational choice theory is very extensive in range with simple basic elements which are strong but at the same time flexible. Offenders decisions between choices at every point in time tend to be rational. However, the facts of the theory stands that for any crime to be committed, the perceived benefits associated with the crime outweigh its risk. Some people have taking criminal behaviour as a way of life. In some situations, decisions to commit crime are arrived at due to inadequate information available at the time of decision making and all these put together still reflect the important role opportunity plays in criminal act. In addition to opportunity, importance of the environment on crime cannot be undermined. In certain situations, offenders hardly ever have a detailed thought of all the various costs and benefits of their action as some decisions are taken spontaneously (Felson Clarke, 1998). In theory, there are three broad categories of offenders or workplace violence perpetrators; employees, strangers and the intending or potential customers or clients (Chappell and Di Martino, 2000). Employees in most cases take advantage of imperfect systems. In an ideal business environment, organisation should have records of their inventory through regular stock counts. The UK shrinkage rate as a percentage of retail sales stood at 1.29% which was Europes average in 2010 (Bamfield, 2010). In a bid to control and manage crime, Opportunity-reducing techniques are a vital approach which could be achieved by increasing the perceived effort of crime by target hardening, security control access to target and deflecting offenders from target. In cases of card theft, crime facilitators could be controlled by having the owners photos on credit cards, using plastic beer glasses in pubs etc. Another technique involves increasing the perceived risks of crime by security screening, formal surveillance by employees, manned guarding, CCTV and effective lightning which could take the place of a Natural surveillance and help in obtaining footage through the use of technology. Anticipated rewards of crime should also be reduced so as to discourage criminal act. Targets could be removed; there could be property marking, and reducing temptations by ensuring that every motivational factor is put under control. Educating everyone on codes of conducts, and acceptable norms would eliminate t he excuses of being ignorant (Clarke, 1997). It is important to understand the opportunities that facilitate workplace crime in order to combat or reduce the criminal act. In America, introduction of Caller identification devices have removed obscene and threatening phone calls which ordinarily depends upon telephone access and the ability of the caller to hide his own identity. However, rates of other crimes such as car theft and burglary would also be higher when, in fact, they are lower in Britain and some other countries in Europe. Customer theft remains a major source of retail crime in line with general acquisitive crime trends reported by the Home Office. The survey recorded 498,405 incidents of customer theft in total. The previous years survey revealed that retailers suspected they identified perhaps as little as half of all customer theft. The real level of customer theft experienced by respondents was probably somewhere in the region of 750,000 to 1 million thefts or even as high as 2 million for the whole industry (BRC Retail Crime Survey, 2009: Pg 12-13). During 2008-09, the value stolen per incident has continued to decline as retailers continue to improve the protection of high value items. The average value of goods stolen fell by 34 per cent to  £45 per theft. Whilst individual customer thefts may be many times this value, this figure falls comfortably within the range of Penalty Notices for Disorder, a disposal available to the police for first time offenders involved in low value crimes. Nevertheless, only about one third (37 per cent) of customer thefts are reported to the police. (BRC Retail Crime Survey, 2009: Pg 12-13). As a result, the Police Authorities, Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships and Neighbourhood Policing Teams are unlikely to be aware of the true level of customer theft occurring in an area. This is reflected in national figures of reported crime which differ significantly from retailers experience (BRC Retail Crime Survey, 2009: Pg 12-13). Contrary to rational choice theory which believes that opportunity is the main factor responsible for crime occurrence, routine activity theory as described by Cohen Felson explained in one of their published articles in 1979 suggests that Crime occurs when there is an intersection in time and space of a motivated offender, an attractive target and lack of capable guardianship. Changes in routine activities in society (e.g. where both couples are working, construction of new roads) can influence crime rates. Peoples daily routine activities affect the likelihood of crime being committed (Cullen Agnew, 2002). . . . . .The routine activity approach still offers the best explanation for the rise in burglary in the United States and Western Europe during the 1960s and 1970s. Included in this explanation is the finding that the best predictor of annual burglary rates is the weight of the smallest television set sold each year. Another important component of the explanation is that far more homes in this period were left unguarded in the day as more women entered Full-time paid work. In fact, the most general explanation of crime rate trends is an indicator of the dispersion of activities away from family and household settings. As people spend more time among strangers and away from their own homes, their risk of personal and property victimization rises (Felson and Clarke, 1998). Every individual has specific areas in which they carry out their daily routine activities and this is called the activity space, domain or a potential path area. This area includes both the places that are visited and routes to such locations from their places of abode. In as much as people are not static, crime will have a non-static nature. In reality, some places, properties or facilities attract more crime than others. It is important to understand that in routine activity theory, crime do occur when there is interaction between a potential offender and a suitable target in time and space; opportunity which is being created by the lack of capable guardianship cannot be undermined. It is very essential to identify the available opportunities and put in place measures to either make these opportunities less attractive or show that the cost outweighs the benefits. These could be achieved through the use of Security devices and technology, proper lighting of an area, orientation and educating staff and visitors through various audio visual devices etc. Many businesses and organisations combine some of these procedures to control and manage crime (Hayes, 1991). Criminological theories play important roles in crime control and management as guidelines to what a Manager should look out for and how these factors should be managed in order to reduce crime. In some occasions where the capable guardianship is available, thefts are being attacked by the detectives in the store or those on patrol (Hayes, 1993; Jones, 1998). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Fraud costs the UK in excess of  £20 Billion. It recognised fraud as a low priority within UK Policing and the UK itself as having an uncoordinated approach (Simms C, Chief Constable West Midlands Police, 2010). In theory, victims are protected by law and most of the conveniences extended to them in the past will no longer be available when the credit reporting agencies have been contacted to report the crimes that thereby impress a theft flag on the victims credit file. Future lenders would be sceptical in exposing themselves to such customers and as such would be demanding for additional information and documents to verify the genuineness of the person requesting for credit facilities. Though, there are different types of customers who visit the organisations on daily basis, some visit with the intention to shoplift, window shop, to see demonstration of new products and to purchase products. It is certain that these groups of customers, with different motives behave differently when they are in the shop and their approaches to staff differ. This is where the level of education on delinquent and staff awareness about customers behaviour have to be improved upon. Security and safety at work place is every employees responsibility. Theft as a workplace crime impacts negatively on all parties involved with the organisation. The business operational costs are increased as a result of losses due to theft and these costs are passed on to their clients and employees. In most cases, it results to increasing costs of security maintenance, insurance premium and other elements of operational costs which will affect employees benefits depending on the magnitude of losses suffered by the organisation. In recent years, retailers have taken action to reduce theft by employees which accounted for 7 per cent of all retail crime by value in 2008-09. Employee theft includes theft of anything of value from the retailer by an employee or an accomplice, such as stealing merchandise, cash, retaining receipts, voiding a sale after a customer has paid and taking the cash, overcharging, short-changing, false mark-downs, coupon and voucher stuffing, credits for non-existent returns or exchanging counterfeit goods for genuine merchandise, and sliding a product through a lane without charging. It can also include serious financial fraud, involving senior or managerial staff. Improved security measures and investigations by expert staff appear to have reduced the opportunity for offences therefore deterring employee-related theft (BRC Retail Crime Survey, 2008: Pg 15). It is apparent that the true cost of theft crime in the workplace is unknown as some factors cannot be quantified. This includes business disruptions, employee morale, loss of customs, management time wasted on incident reporting and documentation (British Chambers of Commerce, 2002). High level workplace theft may also lead to company insolvency. Based on this, it is very important to understand the workplace and the nature of crime facing the business before putting in place any crime anticipatory measures or displacement measures. Rational choice emphasises that opportunity is core in the decision making by offenders when it comes to delinquencies. It is obvious from all indications that once the opportunity is displaced or appears to be of any value, a motivated offender may not notice a likely target. As a result of this, opportunities have to be identified and modified before the related crime can be perpetrated. By virtue of the fact that opportunity is requisite to crime occurrence, it is agreeable that rational choice theory interrelates with the routine activity theory which believes that crime can only happen when there is interception of certain elements. Working in an environment where there is an opportunity of having access to money and property does not translate to committing crime. This shows a subjective aspect of opportunity. It is therefore important to understand that certain factors like social desirability for the product or property, conceal ability of target and proximity do have supportive role to play in conjunction with opportunity for theft to occur (Hollinger and Clarke, 1983). In conclusion, it is therefore compulsory that a Security Manager, who has understood the surroundings where he works, should recognize the risk component, opportunities, and inspirational factors for possible offenders; use the mix understanding of these theories to design an approach to prevent the entire potential crime avenues. The combine knowledge of rational choice and routine activities theories give an insight into what to look out for and how to put in place the preventive measures to control crime. Theft as a workplace crime that can be managed by understanding what items offenders are looking out for, opportunities surrounding such items, characteristics of the targets and detailed understanding of the environment where the targets are situated. It is therefore evident that the knowledge of criminological theories has an immense role to play in assisting the security Manager to manage crimes such as theft in the workplace.

sponsorship management Essay -- essays research papers

SPONSORSHIP MANAGEMENT PRESENTED BY: JULIUS TABLE OF CONTENT 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is Sponsorship? 2.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is Management? 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What are the Management’s Functions? 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is Sponsorship Management? 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Know the Game: understand what sponsorships can do and cannot do 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Passion Connection 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How does sponsorship really enhance brand building? 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Understand leverage 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Measurement 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Case Study What is sponsorship? ‘As a marketer, why wouldn’t you use sponsorship? What better medium is there? With sponsorship, you already have a loyal, passionate consumer following of whatever that sponsorship is, whether it’s music or football or sailing-you already have a connection with the consumer. So if the fan that has the passion for something is the same person that is your customer, why would you not borrow some of that equity and use that as the essence of an idea around which to build your communication ‘Chris Weil, Momentum Worldwide Sponsorship is a multi-faceted strategic brand building and marketing tool, which allows a company or brand to associate with a relevant marketing asset (e.g. sport event, social cause, issues or passion), and leverage that association for the mutual benefit of all stakeholders. Sponsorship is a heaven sent opportunity that allows consumer to experience the brand. Sponsorship â€Å"embraces† the consumers while advertising â€Å"wave at them†. If there is any brand building effort that provides a sustainable competitive advantage, it is sponsorship. The value of sponsorship is being enhanced rapidly and key events and organisations are able to choose from a wide range of potential sponsors and attract high rights fees. Prime factors in the rise of sponsorship fees are the globalisation of communications, new technology of cable and satellite broadcasting, the internet and digital communications and the growing aspirations of societies for leisure and information. Sponsorship is changing too, and it now figures as part of mainstream marketing. For example, sports sponsorship is increasingly referred too now as sp... ...;  Match day tickets to staff †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Global newsletter distribution with promo activities Guinness Rugby World Cup Ambassadors †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ex-players to serve as World Cup ambassadors †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Used at trade events, staff events, etc Website †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Guinness created website †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elements of broadcast could be downloaded as screen savers †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Average visit to website lasted 9 minutes Results †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increased consumption in priority markets (GB=17%, Fr=37%, Australia=20%, SA=24%) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  94% prompted awareness in GB, post activity †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Guinness was the most dominant sponsor of the Games †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Positive results in reinforcing brand essence, injecting energy, promoting newsworthiness and co temporizing the brand Conclusion †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Principles must be applied consistently over time †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Message must be consistent with brand essence †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Measure, measure, measure

Analysis of Meno’s Question to Socrates

In Plato’s dialogue, Meno, Socrates is asked a paradoxical question about what virtue is by Meno. â€Å"How will you enquire, Socrates, into that which you do not know? What will you put forth as the subject of enquiry? And if you find what you want, how will you ever know that this is the thing which you did not know? † Socrates retorts that if you already know what you are searching for, then you do not have to search.Alternatively, if you do not know what you are looking for, the search is indeed futile. However, Socrates attempts to explain to Meno why it is that he will be able to find what virtue is by introducing the idea that knowledge is inherent in the individual as it is passed along through the soul. When Meno demands proof of this concept, Socrates provides an example of a slave boy using â€Å"inherent knowledge† to calculate the length of a square needed to double it’s own area.This experiment shows Meno that virtue, along with other knowled ge, can indeed be discovered through the inherent knowledge in one’s soul, and only has to be â€Å"remembered† to become of use. When Meno proposes his argument to Socrates that a search for what you do not know is impossible, he is reasoning that if one does not know what it is they are trying to find, one will never know if they have found it. Meno seeks to understand how an individual can find new knowledge if they have no clue how to find it or how to comprehend the discovery of it.Socrates acknowledges Meno’s argument and states that â€Å"man cannot enquire either about that which he knows, or about that which he does not know; for if he knows, he has no need to enquire; and if not, he cannot; for he does not know the very subject about which he is to enquire† (Meno, Plato). Meno believes that this proves his own argument, but Socrates proposes an alternate way to attain knowledge. Socrates speaks of â€Å"priests and priestesses† who  "say that the soul of man is immortal† (Meno, Plato).Also, he says the soul has kept all the knowledge from previous â€Å"lives† that it has had, and therefore knowledge is obtained through recollection instead of learning. Socrates attempts to prove his theory by providing an example with one of Meno’s slaves. His experiment is simple. Socrates calls over a slave boy and asks him about squares. The boy knows has some knowledge of the properties of squares including the fact that they have four equal sides, they can be divided in half, and the area is equal to the side multiplied by the other side.However, when Socrates asks the boy to determine the length of a side necessary to double the area of a 2Ãâ€"2 foot square, the boy mistakenly says 4 feet (which would yield a square 4 times too large). The slave proposes a length of three feet, but is wrong again. Here Socrates makes a note of the â€Å"torpedo’s touch† (Meno, Plato) or â€Å"aporiaâ⠂¬  (Aporia, Burbules), which means that the boy knows that he does not know.Socrates states that this state of mind is better than believing false knowledge, because one will know that there is knowledge to seek. Socrates maintains that throughout the experiment he was never teaching the slave, but only asking of his opinions. Therefore, the knowledge that the slave called upon must have already been inherent if he had not learned it before (since slaves had little education the boy was the perfect example for Socrates to demonstrate this â€Å"inborn knowledge. ) Socrates makes his argument clear: if the slave had no knowledge of what is was he was searching for (the length of the side), and the information was not taught to the boy, then the information must have already been inherent in the boy’s soul. Here is Socrates’ argument in Premise/Conclusion form: P: Slave isn’t taught. P: Slave has no prior knowledge. P: Immortal soul contains knowledge. C: Knowl edge must come from one’s immortal soul. P: You do not know what you are trying to find. P: You are not taught what you are trying to find.P: Your soul contains inherent knowledge. C: You can find what you are searching for through recollection of the knowledge â€Å"stored† in your soul. Socrates’ proofs are meant to enforce his views that knowledge such as virtue must be searched for, â€Å"that a man should enquire about that which he does not know† (Meno, Plato). Citations: Burbules, Nicholas C. â€Å"Aporias, Webs, and Passages: Doubt as an Opportunity to Learn. † Curriculum Inquiry 30. 2 (2000): n. pag. Aporia. 2000. Web. 12 Sept. 2012. . Plato, and R. S. Bluck. Meno. Cambridge [Eng. : University, 1961. N. pag. Print.

5 Reason to Have a Master in Public Administration Essay

5 reasons why a Master’s in Public Administration is vital in today’s business A Master’s in Public Administration is a very important program from a society’s perspective. The aspirants who wish to make a key contribution to the society and are motivated to doing something socially meaningful a Master’s in Public Administration can be the ideal degree for them to pursue. A Master’s in Public Administration is vital for the business and the economy for several reasons. Here are some of the reasons that make this program significant: Public Administration is critical to creating a sound administrative infrastructure for the society. Business and industry in any country can prosper only if there is a strong foundation of basic social facilities and systems in the country. All institutions of national and local governance, internal security and public welfare must be strong enough to ensure that people can conduct their businesses or pursue their occupations without any hurdles or hindrances. A Master’s in Public Administration creates professionals who address these issues and create a sound administrative infrastructure. Public Administration facilitates interaction between professionals and government officials in policy matters. If a public administration official has a Master’s in Public Administration, he can deal with the government officials effectively and provide creative inputs in the matter of developing public policies and programs for the larger benefit of the society, and creating good conditions for a prosperous business and economy. A Master’s in Public Administration can be useful within the government and also for the corporate world. The government can hire such professionally qualified individuals to assist in the matters of policy formation and implementation. They can bring new ideas and strategies to deal with the issues of public welfare successfully. Even in the corporate sector, the large companies prefer to hire candidates with this qualification so that they can engage with the government officials on various policy issues concerning the business and industry. See more: My Writing Process Essay A Master’s in Public Administration helps to shape the overall public policy that benefits the consumers, new entrepreneurs and business organizations at large. That creates a thriving environment for growth of business and industry. In the times of economic stagnation, an efficient Public Administration becomes even more vital to the survival of business. In such conditions, the government and public administration offices are expected to play a key role to bring back the macro economy to the levels of normalcy. That helps business and trade to survive during the tough economic times, and pull through without resulting in a situation of massive job losses and economic crisis for the people of the country.

Use of theTrumpet in Bachs Mass in B Minor essays

Use of theTrumpet in Bachs Mass in B Minor essays Throughout history, in every field, there have been several families who stand out for their achievements. In music, few families can compete with the success or the productivity that the Bachs can proudly claim. The Bach family represents the most f midable example of a musical dynasty.1 The musical output of this family is remarkable. There were musician Bachs in the sixteenth century: the last of the line died in 1846. In between, there was no generation without a musician. They were all re ted: and even using quite strict criteria, seventy-five of them made their living, or part of it, by practicing music.2 Besides the musical nature of the family, another noteworthy fact is that the Bach family remained in a specific area of Germany fo many generations. The family of which Johann Sebastian Bach was a descendant was purely and thoroughly German, and can be traced to its home in Thuringia even before the time of the Reformation.3 This geographic stability was probably one of the fac rs that contributed to the common interest in music that existed from generation to generation. Also, the composers in the family showed a strong sense of patriotism and dedication to the progression of German ideas and beliefs in the development of th r musical styles. For generations they had at once festered and represented those forms of music which appeal most nearly to the transcendental and metaphysical spirit of the German people, and which were destined to be brought by them to the highest rfection - namely, instrumental music and Protestant sacred music, which chiefly grows out of instrumental music.4 The Bachs played an important role in several developments of instrumental music, including the role of the trumpet. In the music of th later Bachs, especially Johann Sebastian, the trumpet evolved into an important melodic character, which employed a similar range to that...

Business management and Change summary

Business management and Change summary 9.1HSC Topic 1: Business management changeThe nature of managementThe importance of effective managementDefinitionsManagement - The traditional definition of management is: The process of co-ordinating a business's resources to achieve the goals of the organisation.-The more contemporary definition of management views management as the process of working with through people to achieve business goals in a changing environment. Efficient effective use of resources is crucial to this.Effectiveness - Measures the degree to which a goal has been achieved.Efficiency - Weighs the resources needed to achieve the goal against what was actually achieved. (Cost Vs benefits)Management hierarchy-There are three levels of management, top management, middle management supervisory management. Level of responsibility increases from supervisory to top management but the level of technical skill decreases as it goes from supervisory to top management.Top management-Responsible for direction succes s of the business's activities, the long-term strategic plans needed to meet objectives.English: Business center at State University of Ma...-In some businesses key members of management regularly attend board meetings to outline the activities direction of the business under their control. Although directors are not directly responsible for the day-to-day management of the business, they usually have extensive business backgrounds.Middle management-Responsible for interpreting carrying out policies throughout the firm, as well as the successful operation of certain divisions or departments.-Responsible for administering the budgets, formulating departmental policies plans that are consistent with the firm's overall policies plans.-Responsible for appointing the bulk of the new employees needed by the organisation.Supervisory management-Supervisory management forms the link between top management the workers in an enterprise by channelling information between them.-Supervisor y managers are responsible for seeing that jobs are done properly. They are therefore chosen for both their ability to motivate their workers ...

Printable Chemistry Quiz - Lab Safety Quiz

Printable Chemistry Quiz - Lab Safety Quiz You can take this printable chemistry quiz online or print it out to try later. This multiple choice test covers basic lab safety concepts. You may wish to review lab safety before you get started. You should pipette by mouth:(a) Always. Its a fast and efficient method of measuring liquids.(b) Only when you cant find a pipette bulb or think it might be dirty.(c) Only when you are sure your instructor, lab assistant, or co-worker isnt looking.(d) Never. And if you thought about answering yes to any other the other choices, should be expelled.When you are finished using a Bunsen burner you should:(a) Leave it on for the next person to use. Its the only considerate choice.(b) Cover the burner with an inverted beaker to suffocate the flame. It works well for candles, too.(c) Pull off the hose connecting the burner to the gas. The burner wont have gas, so it wont be on fire.(d) Turn off the gas. Duh!If you feel dizzy or sick while working near the fume hood you should:(a) Head out to grab a cola or a snack. Maybe its low blood sugar. Dont tell anyone - why bother them.(b) Meh, no big deal. Do nothing. Fume hoods always protect you from harmful chemicals. The sooner you get finished the sooner you can leave.(c) Report your symptoms to whoever is responsible for that fume hood. It might be nothing, but on the other hand, maybe the hood wasnt functioning properly and you were exposed to something. Look up the MSDS for whatever was in the hood, too. Leave the lab, after contacting the proper person. If you catch on fire you should:(a) Panic. Yelling FIRE at the top of your lungs to let others know about the danger is good. Be sure to run as quickly as possible to blow out the flame.(b) Water fixes everything. Head for the nearest safety shower and drown the flame.(c) Pull the fire alarm and look for help. Hope the fire doesnt burn you too badly before you can take some form of action.(d) Smother the flame. Those blankets in the lab are there for a reason. Some fire doesnt really care about water, but all flames need oxygen. Get help, too. You werent working alone in the lab though, right?Your glassware is clean enough to eat off of, which is why you poured yourself a refreshing glass of water into a beaker to quench your thirst. Too bad you didnt label it. You should:(a) Go on with your business. Are you saying there is some safety issue here? I scoff at you!(b) Just be really careful about keeping it separate from other beakers filled with clear liquid.Hydrochloric acid.. water .. there is a difference, but I can smell the acid before I drink it.(c) Label it before you forget which beaker it is. Youre sure there are no residual chemicals in the glassware and positive nothing could accidentally splash into your drink.(d) Look back to an earlier answer about how you should be slapped for stupidity. Food and drinks dont belong in the lab. Period. You really want to impress a certain person in your lab. You should:(a) Be sure to wear contacts, not glasses, and just be really careful about chemical fumes. Got long hair? Dont tie it back, flaunt it. Nice legs? Wear something short, with sandals to show off those toes. Also, impress him or her by doing something daring in the lab. Choose something involving fire.(b) Ditch the lab coat and goggles. Dress to impress. Theres no way the person can tell your fashion sense when you cover it with safety gear.(c) Hey.. lab coats are cool! Only ditch the goggles.(d) Impress him or her with how incredibly competent you are in the lab. That includes your ability to follow safe lab procedures.You are really curious about chemistry and chemical reactions. You wonder what would happen if you mixed chemicals in a different way or introduced something new into a procedure. You should:(a) Stomp that curiosity down. Chemists do what they are told. Nothing more, nothing less.(b) Run with it. Mix an d match chemicals to your hearts desire. Whats the worst that could happen? Explosion? You laugh. Toxic fumes? As if.(c) Get the Nobel prize for your brilliance. But first.. lets try things and see how they work. But as for the scientific method and making predictions? Thats for sissies.(d) Be applauded for your curiosity, imagination, and quest for innovation, but be very, very careful about altering procedures. If its a lab experiment for a grade, dont deviate from the procedure. Otherwise, make a prediction about what could happen based on your observations. Research possible reactions and consequences before playing mix-and-match in the lab. There is a container on the lab bench containing some unknown chemical. You should:(a) Dump it, wash the glassware. Some people are slobs.(b) Move it out of the way in case it is dangerous. Otherwise, not your problem.(c) Leave it. The rightful owner will claim it eventually.(d) Find your lab supervisor and ask what to do. If you are the lab supervisor, remove the container (noting its location), hunt down the offender, and try to get some idea what could be in the beaker so you know how to dispose of it.If you break a mercury thermometer, or otherwise spill mercury, you should:(a) Leave it for others to find. Accidents happen. Its pretty obvious it was mercury. No big deal.(b) Grab some paper towels, clean it up, and throw it away. Problem solved.(c) Clean it up, being sure to throw away the mercury-contaminated items where heavy metals go. Dont bother anyone about the spill though. What they dont know cant hurt them.(d) Leave it alone, but call your instructor or lab assistant over immediately to deal with the spill. Youre alone? Call whoever is responsible for lab accidents. Only clean up the spill if you have been trained to deal with mercury. Dont pretend like it didnt happen. You see someone in your lab engaged in an unsafe lab practice. You should:(a) Point and laugh. They will clue in and change their behavior from the humiliation.(b) Point and laugh and tell the person what an idiot he or she is being, and why the lab practice is unsafe.(c) Ignore them. Not your problem.(d) Nicely, politely point out the possible danger and how to avoid it. Youre non-confrontational? Find someone with more courage who can tactfully correct the problem. (Okay, maybe if its pipetting by mouth or thwacking the cap on an ether bottle with a screwdriver the second answer is worth considering.) Answers:1 d, 2 d, 3 c, 4 d, 5 d, 6 d, 7 d, 8 d, 9 d, 10 d This quiz is available in an online format that is scored automatically. Lab Safety Quiz Key Takeaways Know the location and proper operation of safety equipment.Follow proper procedures in the lab.If you see something, say something. Dont ignore safety issues.If an accident occurs, immediately report it.

Acquisition Strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Acquisition Strategy - Research Paper Example I’ll pick two of the most important ones and discuss them; Walmart and Google. Both these companies are from totally different industries and have made a benchmark for the rest of the business world. It’s not an unusual thing to hear Google taking its business to new levels by massive buyouts such as YouTube and DoubleClick, or even partnership with huge companies such as with AOL and MySpace. However, Google’s acquisition strategies are different from most of the other companies. Many of their acquisitions seem to come out of nowhere and seem totally random. The secret of Google’s success is to follow the numbers. With their data acquisition and statistical gathering technologies —Web Search, AdWords, Blog Search, Maps, GoogleBot, Finance, AdSense, and so on — Google calculates and analyze the following and then work on the acquisition strategy: Walmart has laid out its core strategies to create the â€Å"Next Generation Walmart† as the company approaches deliverance on founder Sam Walton’s dream of giving the world â€Å"an opportunity to see what it’s like to save and have a better life†. Wal-Mart mostly works on overseas acquisitions as U.S based companies acquiring would face anti-trust problems. Walmart’s biggest acquisition strategy is to move into new cities and countries and sell high range of products in low prices. After building trust among the local customers walmart goes for acquiring other companies. One of the most substantial things that play a significant role in walmart’s acquisition strategy is its goodwill. I don’t think there would be anyone in any part of globe who would not know about the walmart chain of stores. This is what helps walmart in applying their acquisition strategy and give them their desired results. In easy words; walmart Moves in, sets u p, sell high range of products in low prices, drive the competition out and take over other companies such as ASDA. Thus, acquisition

Financial Statement analysis of Dell, Inc, in 2005 Essay

Financial Statement analysis of Dell, Inc, in 2005 - Essay Example Looking further, the strategy of Dell is multi-faceted which does not only include the internal company's internal operations but its external stakeholders as well. It should be noted that Dell's strategy can be summed up as follows: This strategy of Dell is perfect for the hypercompetitive industry it is currently operating in. A hypercompetitive industry, according to Kotler, is one where there is an intense rivalry among the competitors coupled with high buyer leverage, forcing the firms to commit to an efficient value chain which eliminates incompetence in the system which will bring eventually bring down the cost of operation and enhance customer value. In the face of this high competition and buyer power, Dell was able to come up with a strategy featuring a value chain which eliminates wastage and adds customer value. In the IT market, it is important that a player establishes an efficient manufacturing system which reduces or even eliminates wastage in its value chain. Dell has become a pivotal driver of the supply chain revolution in the IT industry because of its adoption of the Toyota Manufacturing System also known as Just-in Time (JIT) inventory system. This, together with its commitment in solely marketing its product directly to customers and the utilization of relationship marketing is very much appropriate for the industry Dell is operating in. As a market leader in its field, Dell is regarded in having the leanest and most efficient manufacturing system, excellent customer service, intensive research, lowest prices, and quality products. It should also be noted that Dell was able to develop its competitive advantage due to its unique strategy. Even though Dell's competitors like Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Gateway continue to push aggressive strategies to eat up into Dell's market share or at least, capture a more patronage, the firm was already able to create a competitive image, insulating it from attacks. It can be noted that as the sales revenue of other competitors decline or remain flat, Dell manages to record increments. In fact the current strategy utilized by the firm manufacturer has become a sustainable competitive advantage. In contrast to competitive advantage, the business model of Dell is hard and is even impossible to be replicated by its various competitors. It should be noted that some organizations planned to emulate the business model of Dell but failed. Michael Dell, the firm's CEO expressed that competitors will be bound with their present strategies because adopting the business model of Dell wi ll be detrimental especially in their distribution channels. Currently, Dell enjoys its strategic position as a market leader in the IT industry. Due to this, the company is quiet insulated with current strategic issues. The only thing that Dell must address nowadays is the significant decision whether it directly employs its core strategies in its geographic expansion. As the company opted to conquer more lucrative markets outside its home country, Dell is faced with the

Research workplace safety issues and disabilities of job applicants Paper - 1

Workplace safety issues and disabilities of job applicants and report your findings and analysis in a - Research Paper Example The common practice of alienating people in the work place has been through biasness in hiring, promotion, in termination, job assignment and when compensating employees. It is also expressed through retaliation and other forms of harassing employees in terms of their gender. State constitutions and the federal statutes provide rulings of law on discriminatory acts. The issue is addressed fully under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution with some relevant Acts and provisions which limit the power of both the federal and the state governments to discriminate. The Fifth Amendment has the requirement that individuals should not be deprived of life, liberty or property by the state without the due use of the law (OBrien 216). This section has also highlighted the cases which govern alienation and the provisions as well as the penalties due in case of failure to comply with the constitution. The amendment has also provided a guarantee that all individuals have an equal and explicit protection of the law. The fourteenth amendment has provided for full protection of human rights and prohibits the states from violating these rights. This paper analyses the various forms of allowable and unethical forms of discrimination as has been provided in the constitution and their impacts on the employer or organizations, the applicants and the coworkers. Firstly, the constitution under the fourteenth amendment has provided that a person shall not be discriminated upon in the practice of employment because of membership in a certain group whether such an individual is a former employee or a job applicant. In case of termination, the law has stated that an individual should receive fair treatment and process of termination before he or she is acquitted and especially if the termination is related to property interests, liberty or freedom. Intentional

You will choose a current event topic from the last 20 or so years and Essay

You will choose a current event topic from the last 20 or so years and explain how this current event links back to the Industrial Revolution - Essay Example This often affects society negatively as the importance and sacredness of communication is undermined. Society has changed from a proactive population of outdoor people to more reserved technology conscious individuals. This problem is compounding the more human beings evolve, and it seems to be a long-term issue (Palfrey and Urs 52). The problem is linked to the Industrial Revolution as one sees large groups of laborers fill the industries to make these products on a large scale, similar to the Industrial Revolution (Brownsword 58). This issue seems to be compounding and is one, which will complex as the demand for technological gadgets is on the increase. There is a similarity between both revolutions. The industrial revolution included a change from traditional methods to use of machinery while the Digital Revolution has seen the mass production of new advanced equipment aiming at changing and improving

Tourism Policy and Planning (answer 10 questions about York and Essay

Tourism Policy and Planning (answer 10 questions about York and sevilla) - Essay Example This is one the challenges that also faces the two cities in terms of tourist destination. Seville city has to make sure that tourism is managed and developed in such a manner that it is able to benefit the resident population, but is should not be involved in the urban environment deterioration but rather to its promotion. It should as well not supposed to become a financial burden to the local authority. York faces several challenges. The city is seen to be having a high poverty rate and this might have a great impact on tourism sector. 2) The tourist activity in both cities with no doubt is seen to be one of the fundamental pillars of cultural, social and economic progress of the city. There is forceful reality that has a broad effect on any of the civil life fields. For Seville, its advantage stems right from not only the artistic heritage and plentiful monumental of the city, but it is also seen in the other aspects which make up the tourist product (catering, recreation areas, housing, infrastructures and trade). While on the other hand, the competitiveness of York is in the international and domestic market that is based on the name which is known universally. Both cities have been recognized for several centuries by their singular character of heritage and celebrations that is seen to mark an authentic reference to several other cities that they tend to accede to privilege positions as the one that both cities enjoy. Over the past decade, on such a solid base, a tourist product structure that is of high quality and very effective in the housings, in the services, and in the tourist offer variety has been put up. But besides all these, tourism is seen to be a transcendental incident factor that is intangible and as crucial as the exterior projection, the city image, and, as a result, the world system position of the big cities. 3) For any city that has a mission of being at a better position in tourism sector, it is required to adopt a few accessibility levels basing on the demand needs. In this context, the cities, being among the big European cities, whereby their urban dimension do coexists with rural comforts, are currently among the best connected cities in Europe. For instance, Seville city which is characterized by efficient and very varied accessibility, it has not only turned into a touristic destination point but also into the Andalusia best port, because it is among the few Spanish cities that is efficiently communicated by air , sea, railroad and land. The roads of York city, is characterized by a network of regional scope highways and a renewed system of accesses to the city, that consists of rapid bypasses, that accurately connects all the neuralgic points of the surroundings and the city. But besides accessibility, the two cities have continued with investing in transport to incorporate a real tourism sustainable mobility policy in the cities based on the promotion of public transport and non-motorized transport (bic ycle and pedestrian). With the aim of reducing the private vehicles use, the surrounding traffic reduction and the network development of

Anxiety disorders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Anxiety disorders - Essay Example Unlike the relatively mild, brief anxiety caused by a stressful event such as a business presentation or a first date, anxiety disorders are chronic, relentless and can grow progressively worse if not treated." (Anxiety Disorders section, para.1) One should immediately see a doctor if he or she is suffering acutely from any of the following symptoms. Panic disorder: According NIMH's website, " people with panic disorder have feelings of terror that strike suddenly and repeatedly with no warning. They can't predict when an attack will occur, and many develop intense anxiety between episodes, worrying when and where the next one will strike." (Anxiety Disorders section, para. 10) One can experience panic attack any time, sometimes even during sleep. There is no specific duration of the attack. Sometimes it may last for more than half an hour, sometimes it may be of 10 minutes and sometimes even lesser. It may happen that a person experiences a panic attack only once in his lifetime. But if panic attacks are frequent then it is advisable to see a mental health care practitioner. As stated in the website of NIMH, "panic disorder is one of the most treatable of the anxiety disorders, responding in most cases to medications or carefully targeted psychotherapy."(Anxiety Disorders section, para. 18) A person can get panic attack anywhere. For example, if a person experiences a panic attack while he is swimming, he may experience a terrible fear of drowning. The long-term effect on his personality would be that he might completely avoid going near a swimming pool, sea, river or pond and in extreme cases even his bathtub. Panic disorder causes acute depression and people suffering from it even turn alcoholic or drug addict to fight their depression. Agoraphobia: According to Dr. Sanjay Chugh, " The ancient term 'agoraphobia' is translated from Greek as 'fear of an open marketplace'. Agoraphobia today describes severe and pervasive anxiety about being in situations from which escape might be difficult or avoidance of situations such as being alone outside one's home, traveling in a car, bus or airplane, or being in a crowded area." (Mind/psychology/phobia/anxiety. asp section, para.10) Therefore people suffering from agoraphobia start getting panic attacks the moment they are away from their homes or people they trust and get help from. The more the distance from their home and dear ones, the more is the intensity of their restlessness and fear. Hence, "severely agoraphobic people avoid going out altogether

Tourism Policy and Planning (answer 10 questions about York and Essay

Tourism Policy and Planning (answer 10 questions about York and sevilla) - Essay Example This is one the challenges that also faces the two cities in terms of tourist destination. Seville city has to make sure that tourism is managed and developed in such a manner that it is able to benefit the resident population, but is should not be involved in the urban environment deterioration but rather to its promotion. It should as well not supposed to become a financial burden to the local authority. York faces several challenges. The city is seen to be having a high poverty rate and this might have a great impact on tourism sector. 2) The tourist activity in both cities with no doubt is seen to be one of the fundamental pillars of cultural, social and economic progress of the city. There is forceful reality that has a broad effect on any of the civil life fields. For Seville, its advantage stems right from not only the artistic heritage and plentiful monumental of the city, but it is also seen in the other aspects which make up the tourist product (catering, recreation areas, housing, infrastructures and trade). While on the other hand, the competitiveness of York is in the international and domestic market that is based on the name which is known universally. Both cities have been recognized for several centuries by their singular character of heritage and celebrations that is seen to mark an authentic reference to several other cities that they tend to accede to privilege positions as the one that both cities enjoy. Over the past decade, on such a solid base, a tourist product structure that is of high quality and very effective in the housings, in the services, and in the tourist offer variety has been put up. But besides all these, tourism is seen to be a transcendental incident factor that is intangible and as crucial as the exterior projection, the city image, and, as a result, the world system position of the big cities. 3) For any city that has a mission of being at a better position in tourism sector, it is required to adopt a few accessibility levels basing on the demand needs. In this context, the cities, being among the big European cities, whereby their urban dimension do coexists with rural comforts, are currently among the best connected cities in Europe. For instance, Seville city which is characterized by efficient and very varied accessibility, it has not only turned into a touristic destination point but also into the Andalusia best port, because it is among the few Spanish cities that is efficiently communicated by air , sea, railroad and land. The roads of York city, is characterized by a network of regional scope highways and a renewed system of accesses to the city, that consists of rapid bypasses, that accurately connects all the neuralgic points of the surroundings and the city. But besides accessibility, the two cities have continued with investing in transport to incorporate a real tourism sustainable mobility policy in the cities based on the promotion of public transport and non-motorized transport (bic ycle and pedestrian). With the aim of reducing the private vehicles use, the surrounding traffic reduction and the network development of

Role and Advantages of International and Home Trade Coursework

Role and Advantages of International and Home Trade - Coursework Example Commerce includes all those activities, which are connected with trade and auxiliaries to trade such as transport, warehousing, insurance, and banking and finance.   The trade involves buying and selling of goods and its purpose is to bridge the gap between persons, i.e. the producers and the consumers can concentrate on their own occupations and at the same time buy goods to satisfy their consumption needs. The farmers can both enjoy each other’s products with the help of traders. For example, there are different types of cotton; jute, hides, and skins are supplies to the producers of cotton textiles, gunny bags and shoes respectively. At the same time manufactured goods, which have been produced with the raw materials, are supplied to the consumers. Producers buy raw materials, machinery and equipment, as well as stores and spare parts for machinery fro trading agencies and consumers, buy practically all articles required for their daily use from traders.Goods are produced on a large scale in anticipation of demand.   The markets for products are now spread over the length and breadth of the country and even extended to countries acro ss the international borders. Hence direct sale of goods by the producers to the consumers is not possible. Without the help of traders and merchants engaged in trade, it would be impossible for the system of large-scale production to continue. The trader involved in the actual operation of purchasing goods from producers and selling them to consumers. Traders and consumers are interdependent.

Marketing Plan Case Study

Marketing Plan Case Study INTRODUCTION The following is the marketing plan for Ballantynes my brand of sweatshirts. Marketing segmentation refers to the process of dividing a market into segments or groups of customers with similar needs or wants who are likely to show similar purchase behavior. After market segmentation we get to know the different types of customers with different types of needs and desires. The target segments for my business would be young generation and mature people. I am opening sweatshirts business in Christchurch city.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Ballantynes, n.d) Two bases selected for market segmentation in my sweatshirt business are      Ã‚   Demographic ( Gender, Income, lifestyle) Behavioral (Attitude and Benefits looking for) PROSPECTIVE CUSTOMERS Youngsters: The target audience would be between the age group of 16-25. I would like to open the shop in near the Christchurch university area as it a busy area and youngsters normally hangout in that area. I would target both male and females as both of them wear it. I would target youngsters who are from middle -higher class, because students would normally prefer reasonable and trendy clothes. I would have clothes from medium to higher range. Professionals and Mature People: The target audience would be both male and females between the age group of 26-40, I would like open it in CBD area, as there are many corporate and tourist in that area and they can buy in during their break time, or while doing window shopping, Similarly tourist can buy products as CBD is a famous tourist place. I would target customers from middle class to higher class. Corporate people would prefer trendy sweatshirts which is easily feasible for them. Old People:-The target audience would be males and females between the age group of 50-75, I would like to open it in North shore as there are many retirement villages and the crowd is posh and they prefer trendy clothes, I would target income group from middle to higher class, Old people love to have comfortable and feasible clothing. So I will make it easily accessible to them. I am going to focus on Youngsters and Professionals as two potential target markets for my business. Type of market Demographic and Behavioral Characteristics Youngsters I am going to cover age group from 14 to 25 years in both male and female. They look for style and new designs in the product like chain, hoodies, colorful, pictures of stars and sports personalities, and some motivational quotations to have a unique personality in the society. They are bit price concerned as their income is limited and are probably dependent on parents in early ages. They belong to the category of different size and range of price. They are knowledgeable about brands but not loyal to them as they only want to look different. This market is large in size but less frequent user of sweatshirts. They have least concern with service but much sensitive about replacement and return guarantee. They consider price while buy products. Professionals and Mature people This segment belongs to the age group between 25- 50 years. They have potential to buy quality products and thus have less price sensitivity but look for casual designs with sober colors and convenient to wear during office times. They look for brands and quality stuff used to prepare the product. This segment mostly prefers simple and plain sweatshirts with benefit of warmth and personality feature. They sought for product which has brand value in the market and is seen number of times in public through print or electronic media. This segment prefers to have sweatshirts with detachable hoodies so that they can use it without it. They love to buy more durable products while buying clothes. Company objectives and resources Company objectives and resources: Companys objective will be maintaining loyalty with existing customers and by making good profit attracting new customers too. Company will focus to reach its break even as soon as possible by setting some targets and achieving them on time. Company will use various resources to meet their targets like advertisement resources.   Definability of segments: Competitive rivalry Will be high for the product as there are many clothing shops in Christchurch and everyone is competing. Bargaining power of suppliers: The bargaining power of suppliers would be low as there are many suppliers in the market Bargaining power of customers:   The bargaining power of customers would be high as there are many clothing companies joints in the market and they can bargain. Threat of new entrants: The threat of new entrants is high. Threat of substitute products or services: sweatshirts can be replaced by coat, jackets T-shirts etc. Current Size of the Market Population of youngsters: 300,000 Population of Professionals: 465,000 Industrial growth: 15% of total population The above statistics gives me assurance about my product and segment attractiveness in the market. And my business is having growth potential in long run due to the necessity of it as per climatic conditions in New Zealand. (statistics New Zealand, n.d) Task 3 A differentiated marketing strategy is when a company creates campaigns that appeal to at least two market segments or target groups.   I am targeting youngsters through styles, design, varied price range, stuff like cotton, woollen, synthetic and pictures of personalities, wording they do like to see on cloths, glowing colours, hoodies attached and promoting through social media. I will attract my second target market of professionals and mature people with casual look, brand logo, simple designs in sweatshirts, dual colour and quality stuff to protect from cold and have hoodies which can be removed too. I will provide unique designs to give a feeling of personality symbol to them and approach through social media, T.V advertisement and   promotion through magazines. (ballantynes, n.d) Task 4 As there are many competitors of my company Ballantynes, the major competitors    Cottton on The above diagram demonstrates my positioning of my product in the market.. Ballantynes is moderately priced with reasonable price and quality. Nike, Adidas, Puma are high in quality and even the price is higher. Cotton On is below me though it is low in price but the quality is not good. So I feel I can compete and sustain on the, market with giving reasonable pricing and good quality sweatshirts. Task 5 Product: 1. PRODUCT: What does the customer want from the product / service? What needs does it satisfy? I have a wide range of products such as sweatshirts for women, men sweat shirts, Kids wear, and fashion accessories. My product strategy will be latest design, fashionable, stylish, varied size with hoodies and Chain, pockets inside and outside, replacement or return facility in limited period to attract youngsters. I will provide specific logo on the sweatshirts front and back side. I will provide different fabric style sweatshirts it may be design with cotton stuff and woolen as well. I will give products in varied colors like plain, combination and quality stuff to attract my mature and professionals target market. I will provide different sizes for sweatshirts for example small, medium, large and extra large size. Price: What is the value of the product or service to the buyer? Are there established price points for products or services in this area? Price is the factor which attracts the customers thats why companys product is from low medium price range. Its service and stuff is very fine so people like to wear this brand and its price is also very reasonable. The competitors of sweatshirts are selling their product at comparatively high price, so that is great advantage because target segments are attracting towards sweatshirts product as it provides affordable and good quality products.The price range for my sweatshirts would be between $12-$150 Promotion: What is the value of the product or service to the buyer? Are there established price points for products or services in this area? For advertising we will advertise in magazines that mostly attracts customers. Billboards are good tool for advertising, they are attractive and everywhere could see them. Advertisements have to be written in simple language and easy to understand. We would promote them on social media as it is cost effective and can reach the mass market. Place: Where do buyers look for your product or service? If they look in a store, what kind? A specialist boutique or in a supermarket, or both? Or online? Or direct, through catalogue? Will open the   store Ballantynes   at   23/   Cashel Street Christchurch besides, that I will also make the product available online = in about nine languages in order to reach all its target segments from different nationalities. Through the website, customers can book their orders, check the latest offers. Task 6 Plan of monitoring and mechanisms: Feedback through Questionnaires: The feedback of customers is so important because feedback decided the sales or popularity of the product. So, I will do survey about our product in open market and will collect feedback from existing customers. This will have few questions which they will answer and it will help me to know what they think about our product, what are their future expectations and why they give priority to it in the market? We can send questionnaires to our customers through email also. Their positive feedback will be success of our marketing plan. Sale Trend through financial Information: I will also keep check on my financial information whether the business is in profit or loss. If my sale is going up it means my marketing plan is working and I can achieve my objectives. I will check all the reports once in the month to be updated. Market Research eye on my competitors will help me to understand what is market trend or demand in the market and availability of respective products. If my product is fulfilling the need and is having advantage on competitors it means my marketing plan will work and I can attract more customers. Ballantynes. (n.d). History. Retrieved March 21, 2017, from https://www.ballantynes.co.nz: https://www.ballantynes.co.nz/history statistics New Zealand. (n.d, n.d). Youth Population is ethnically diverse. Retrieved March 26, 2017, from www2.stats.govt.nz: http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/web/nzstories.nsf/fb471f7feb8c8d5fcc256af1000fa1c1/a9f90227a3017a3ccc256b17007aaef3

Analysis of The Kids Are All Right :: essays research papers

Analysis of The Kids Are All Right by Susan Faludi Kids are crawling around in the dirt, screaming, and have not yet had their diapers changed because the day care provider seems to be in a trance watching the latest episode of the Montel Williams show. One of the workers strikes a child because she won’t stop crying about how hungry she is. The other worker just sits in her chair drinking Jack Daniels with a little Coke mixed in. Not all is well at the Wee World Child Center. But is this the impression that the public perceives of our daycare system in America?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Well, most people would say that this is how only a few daycares are run. But many people would still state that kids who have not been in daycare have a better chance at a more enjoyable life than those who have. Susan Faludi, who frequently writes about women’s issues and is the author of Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women, promotes daycare as an enhancement in a child’s life. In her essay, The Kids Are All Right, she claims that kids who attend daycare are more social, experimental, self-assured, cooperative and creative. Faludi’s argument is convincing because she provides solid authoritative sources, gives personal experiences of other girls who have been in day care, and refutes other researchers claims. Susan Faludi dives right into her argument and hits us with an informative source. Faludi cites Alison Clarke-Stewart, a professor of social ecology at the University California at Irvine, who found that social and intellectual development of children in day care was six to nine months ahead of children who stayed at home. This source is reliable because the author of the statement is an expert in the field of social ecology. Therefore this is an opinionative informative source because the researcher could be biased toward one side of the argument or the other. This matters to Faludi because audience could question the reliability of the source.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Susan Faludi also cites personal experience in the form of interviews done by Delores Gold and David Andres in paragraph number two. The interviews of the girls provide not only data on childcare accountability, but also serve to put a personal and more intimate effect on the argument. The interviews have a great effect on the reader because they are grounded in reality and have been conducted by experienced researchers.

Consciousness Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Consciousness To define such a universally experienced phenomena as consciousness may seem on the most superficial level rather unnecessary. Yet a more scientific, and at times philosophical, investigation into the phenomena demands some sort of confirmed interpretation which supercedes any such common understanding. For our purposes the content of consciousness may be deemed those things of which one is aware and thus can report. Thinking, as well, and the higher-level mechanisms associated there in may also be components of this consciousness. While additionally an individuals' conception that the way in which she experiences the world comes from more than just the neuronal activity of her brain can be understood as a contribution of said consciousness (2). In his Consciousness and Neuroscience, Francis Crick and Christof Koch searched for the "active neuronal processes in [one's] head [which] correlate with consciousness". This well articulated investigation into the 'neuronal correlate of consciousness' (NCC) utilizes the nature of the visual representation to explore what they hypothesize to be a basic common mechanism, or number of mechanisms, which may account for consciousness (1). Crick and Koch introduces the argument that "to be aware of an object or event, the brain has to construct a multilevel, explicit, symbolic interpretation of part of the visual scene". Certainly the neuronal activity resulting from the varied patterns of light falling on one's photoreceptors does not alone explain the extent of visual experiences which one may conceive. Indeed the impression of completeness of any given perception proves largely false. Rather, the vivid scene has been 'made-up' by the brain, constructed out of aware... ...n perceives it. Web Sources 1)Consciousness and Neurosceince http://www.klab.caltech.edu/~koch/crick-koch-cc-97.html 2)Scientific Studies of Consciousness http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/psychology/cogsci/kcave/Psy115A/consciouc.%20html 3)Notes and Suggestions towards A Theory of Consciousness http://www.culture.com.au/brain_proj/hyp-cons.htm 4)An Introduction to the Physiology of Ordinary Consciousness http://www.culture.com.au/brain_proj/physiol.htm 5)Does Consciousness Exist? http://www.culture.com.au/brain_proj/vaidya.htm 6)NEUROSCIENCE http://www.bakery.demon.co.uk/SPECIAL/02_00.html 7)NEUROSCIENCE - Specific Brain Regions http://www.bakery.demon.co.uk/SPECIAL/02_14.html 8)Serendip - Exploring the Consciousness Problem [an error occurred while processing this directive] http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/consciousness/

Create a speech on “Looking for Alibrandi” Essay

â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† is a film which develops the notion of changing perspective through focusing on the central character Josies search for identity and belonging in the world and her relationships with other characters. Moreover, the use of music and camera shots is applied to certain scenes to emphasize Josies attitude and feelings. The use of voice over is applied throughout the film by the main character Josie Alibrandi as it constantly reveals personal ideas and impressions from Josies point of view. During her final year of High school, her life is turned upside down. However, as she matures from being a very rebellious and determined girl to a more responsible and experienced young woman, perspectives of her own identity, her culture and the people around her change drastically. In â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† changing perspectives is demonstrated through the concept of cultural background, Josie has to come to terms with her Italian heritage including Tomato Day or as she likes to call it National Wog Day, because her culture makes up who she is. Italian music is applied to this scene to represent there Italian culture and to allow the audience to gain some knowledge and understanding about their traditions and customs. Also, fast paced music is taken over towards the end of the scene to indicate the way she feels rushed and embarrassed about her culture. A key event in the film that changes Josies perspective is the meeting of her father, Michael Andretti. Initially, Josie is hostile to her father and unsympathetic to his explanations. However, as certain events unfold, Josie begins to admire him and sentimental piano music is plays to convey the positive attitude she had towards the idea of having a father figure. Michael Andretti also faces a similar change in perspective of his daughter and his own perspective on fatherhood. Furthermore, another change in perspective is identity. Primarily, Josie  believes due to her ethnic background, she was looked down upon. However, the experience of a close friends death causes her to realize the importance of family and that others have it much worse than her. In relation to John Bartons death, a close up of Josies face is captured to display her devastated yet numb expression along with harmonious tunes to mirror Josies grief. In conclusion, as demonstrated in â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi†, changing perspectives is an ongoing process in life and is can be both positive and negative. Without this process in life, a person cannot adapt to new situations and present themselves in life.

Apple Inc. Case 2010

1. What, historically, have been Apple’s competitive advantages? Apple has had various competitive advantages since its origin until the present. Firstly, Apple’s innovation has always been its hallmark. Beginning with the first â€Å"Apple I† till the â€Å"iPad 2†, Apple products have change the development of the market many times, specially during the last decade, with the first iPod’s lunch. Although Apple’s single technologies have not been walkthroughs created by the company itself, it has developed the characteristics of these technologies and combined them in a way that had never been done before.One of Apple’s main ways to innovate is through the ease of use of its products, another of its big competitive advantages. Apple’s products are popularly considered as very intuitive and, although MP3 players already existed in 2001 or multi-touch surfaces in 2007, products like the iPod and iPhone allow the use of these techn ologies and devices in a very practical way with an almost vertical learning curve. Besides this ease-to-use, Apple has â€Å"plug & play† oriented designs: devices ready to be used with a series of peripherals without requiring prior knowledge.This has led Mac computers to be â€Å"digital hubs† of the new digital devices. Moreover, Apple has always had a proprietary design. Apple has never licensed any of its products or designs (except during Spindler’s management). This means that it has always had a wide control over its value chain, from the designs from scratch of their computers, till the software and its marketing or sales. It has a widely vertical integrated business and nowadays, it is even beginning to design its own microchips. This has led to a very unique differentiation that can be hardly found in competitors’ products.That is why one of Apple’s most typical characteristics are its products’ elegant and state-of-the-art indus trial designs and superior software (OS). All components of its products are perfectly integrated and work altogether better than separated. Apple’s design process consists of a series of activities that can be hardly copied. Finally, it is very important to highlight Apple’s brand image and the whole culture created around it. As Jobs says, Apple products are intended to be a â€Å"cultural force†.Apple delivers through its products complete solutions and experiences, different to the use of any other company’s products. Its devices are considered as iconic within their correspondent markets and the company is seen as a leader of the â€Å"digital age†. Apple has always had a solid base of loyal customers and its brand is presently one of the best known in the world. Furthermore, Steve Jobs CEO is considered as an innovation guru and has been named CEO of the decade, boosting Apple’s popularity even higher, if possible. 2. Analyze the perso nal computer industry.Are the dynamics favorable or problematic for Apple? The personal computer industry is a highly concentrated market. The four top PC vendors (Acer, Dell, HP and Lenovo) control the 55% of worldwide shipments. It is a competition intense sector given the low switching costs of the industry. Growth has been driven by a decrease of prices and expansion of capabilities, with consequently higher sales volumes, but with a relatively smaller growth in revenues. PC components are going through a standardization process and PC makers are cutting expenditures in R&D.Due to the aforementioned low switching costs and the low differentiation among vendors, the threat of substitute products is very high in the industry. However, despite the low product differentiation, vendors have built strong brands and the investments required to enter the sector are very high, for what the entrance of new competitors with similar volume and brand awareness as the present top vendors is q uite unlikely. The only open way for competitors seems to be the â€Å"white-box† market (with around 30% of sales in 2009), but these machines cover only the desktop market.Regarding the clients’ power, they have a wide range of very similar products in design, capabilities and price to choose from, for what the switching costs are very low, as mentioned. PC vendors’ customers are therefore in a strong position to push them in the desired direction. On the other hand, PC makers have also high bargaining power in their relationships with their suppliers, as PC components are widely available at very competitive prices (excluding microprocessors and operating systems).As for Apple, the sector’s dynamics involve both favorable and problematic characteristics. The still hegemonic â€Å"wintel† systems make Apple’s products a strong and very differentiated alternative. Moreover, home consumers are the biggest segment in the industry, a group tha t values design, mobility and connectivity, some features in which Apple is a leader. On the other hand, the company may have an overall minor base of potential clients willing to acquire the knowledge to operate its devices.Despite the fall in prices and increase in capabilities that the market requests, something that could seem problematic to any player in the sector, Apple is still able to charge premium prices through design and â€Å"user experience† differentiation, without requiring to push its devices capabilities over the average. All of this means that Apple can make big profits in its premium niche market, but that overall penetration might be a setback. Nevertheless, Apple is still reliant on its components’ suppliers, who â€Å"force† Apple to purchase major volumes in order to reach competitive costs.

Would Life in the State of Nature Be Intolerable as Hobbes?

Would life in the State of Nature be intolerable as Hobbes and Locke believe? The state of nature is described as a primitive state untouched by civilization; it is the condition before the rule of law and is therefore a synonym of Anarchy. Anarchy means without government, anarchist thought is the conviction that existing forms of government are productive of wars, internal violence, repression and misery. Hobbes political philosophy considers what the life of man would be like without the state; of which is described as ‘brutish, short and nasty. ’ This view strongly contrasts with the utopian elements in anarchist thought.The Leviathan, which is an archetypal statement of the need for strong government equates anarchy with violence and disorder. The complexity of political ideas generated by both philosophies can be examined and contrasted against one another; to generate an opposite consistent anarchist inversion of Hobbism thought that justifies life in a state of n ature that is not insufferable. Hobbes explores the logic of a situation in which human nature predisposes men to act in certain ways, and there is no superior power to stop them from warring with each other (Sorrel, 1996).Therefore in the state of nature there is no economic prosperity, as this depends on security and co-operation, no scientific knowledge ‘ no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all continual fear and danger of violent death’( Leviathan 82) This is an intense and extreme depiction of what life would be like with no government at all. Superimposed on this are images of a partial state of nature resulting from the breakdown of central government, or civil war, the realistic dangers Hobbes is trying to avert ( Gauthier, 1969)Hobbes abstract justification for government rests on the legalistic fiction of the social contract. The contract is created between two individuals motivated to set up a government because of the miseries they endure in the state of nature of which there is no stable social organisation (Sorrel, 1986). Hobbes rationalises that individuals driven by fear and in search of peace would all come together to draw up a peace treaty, and simultaneously set up a sovereign in order to ensure that the promise is attained. Hobbes shows that it is in the interest of the people to live under a strong overnment, and therefore one should act in a way as to maintain the existing government (Sorrel, 1986). Moral obligation and its involvement in legal practice is something that is used to conclude that government is necessary, useful and has legitimate authority. In comparison, the anarchist William Godwin replied to the notion of an original contract by constructing a rational anarchist philosophy. He pertained that contracts were not between the fictitious entity the ‘people’ and the government, but between specific individuals (Woodcock, 1977).Godwin’s society would not be built In an assum ed past as Hobbes was, but on series of mutually and constantly renewed compacts between freely contracting individuals, permanent contracts such as marriage were seen as an infringement of freedom: this theory was based on the principle of justice in anarchist thought ( Nozick, 2006) The impact of Hobbes theory is based on the evocation of violence, fears and chaos which ensues without the role of the government to enforce law.If theses notions are ‘reversed, it can be argued that men are by nature, when uncorrupted by the perverting influence of the government and evil societies, peace loving and activated by spontaneous sympathy towards others’ ( Nozick, 2006) Therefore the logic of the situation is reversed; Government now ceases to be the protector of the individual and a guarantor of their lives and property. Instead ‘the state is seen as a chief threat to liberty, security and prosperity of the individual, whom it circumscribes with laws and regulationsâ₠¬â„¢ ( Rotberg, 2004) Hobbes did concede that governments might harm their subjects’ (Gauthier, 1969) but retained that this harm would ensue a lot less damage compared to the horror inflicted upon man in a state of war and calamity as in an anarchist society. Anarchists like Godwin and Tolstoy believed that governments are responsible for the greatest crimes, and promote devastating wars between states ( Ferrel, 2001). It is of course an over simplification that to say that anarchists believe men are always naturally coercive and peaceable, just as it is misleading to suggest that Hobbes thought all men were competitive and vainglorious .The anarchists conclude that government is a great and unnecessary evil, and that anarchy in the literal sense of no government need not mean anarchy in the popular sense of violence and disorder (Bain, 1967) . ‘The most basic element common to both theoretical frameworks is the assumption that social analysis begins with the individua l, his personal desires and wishes’ (Ferrel, 2001) rather than with the society as a whole; political conclusions are based on an individualist position. Hobbes defines freedom as the absence of external constraints on the individual.The need for a strong government to prevent civil war can be replaced with the government’s priority to promote a natural harmony of interests. ‘The restrictive role of the state is reduced to a minimum, and the logical consequence is a laissez faire liberalism in which there is a belief in the role of the state in maintaining internal peace, and providing defence against external enemies’ (Woodcock, 1977). If this brand of liberalism is taken to its logical extreme what results, is a kind of laissez faire anarchism postulating a natural harmony of interests in all spheres of social life. Woodcock, 1977) This is a conception of individual freedom that can be attained in a state of nature that is accepted by Hobbes. Although he does not believe in overriding the rights of the government, he espouses radical egalitarianism ( Gauthier,1969) . The equality of all men is a notion that is pertained in order to deny the nobility of the privileged, and hence disruptive status within the realm; all men are equally obliged to obey the sovereign ( Sorrel, 1996) The basic sense of equality against all men in the state of nature is necessary if all men are to live under a sovereign.He refutes the idea that some sections of humanity are naturally superior to others, the aristocracy are not superior by nature, but by social convention; women are not inferior by nature but by family convention. ( Sorrel, 1986) .In Godwin’s theory of justice it is understood that all men and women are morally equal, therefore justice demands they should be socially and economically equal. Therefore in a state of nature of which all men are equal, there would be no need for any civil war, as no man is above another nor has the auth ority to claim war against any fellow man (Woodcock, 1977)Hobbes psychological outlook on the nature of man is similar to an anarchist libertarian approach. The pleasures of life, especially sex, are viewed as passionate desire of man which should not be denied (Bain, 1967). There is no hierarchy of higher and lower passions, man is perceived as a machine motivated by a succession of desires: this view is subversive of social taboos and social morality (Gauthier, 1969). A belief in the fulfilment of mans natural desires can be turned into a positive plea to encourage individuals to satisfy their desires and find happiness (Ferrel, 2001).This could be achieved in a state of nature governed by anarchist thought, it is a position that would serve man well and allow them personal freedom against the walls of repression produced under the laws of government. Another direct assessment can be proposed regarding the outlook of law between the two contrasting philosophies. For Hobbes the law is defined as the will and authority of the sovereign, and is not due to the law of nature or the principles of natural justice.If the legitimacy of the sovereign’s authority is denied then so is the legitimacy of the law (Rotberg, 2004) . If one believes in independent standards of justice and morality; as do anarchists, existing laws can be judged as morally unjust. Moreover if government in itself is an evil then the laws propagated by the governments are not only coercive restrictions on individual liberty, but an intolerable form of coercion (Nozick, 2006) In conclusion, life in the state of nature would not be an unbearable way to live.There is a possibility that man may live harmoniously without the need of government to restrain them; as they are able to direct their passions and desires using a sense of rationality. The use of government has an inverse effect on society which causes corruption and creates wars with the use of individual power and authority. Hobbes s eems to be describing a society of beasts in anarchy after the disturbing influences of the state has been removed, after which people are unaware of the natural laws of equality of which they should live by. References Woodcock, George, (1977) The Anarchist Reader, chpt7 †¢ Ferrel, Jeff, (2001) Tearing Down The Streets; Adventures in Urban Anarchy, chpt 5, 2, 1 †¢ Nozick, Robert, ( 2006) Anarchy State and Utopia, chpt 2, 5 †¢ Rotberg, Robert, ( 2004) When States Fail; Causes and Consequences, chpt 4 †¢ Bain, William, ( 1967) Between Anarchy and Society chpt 1, 2, 3 †¢ Gauthier, David, ( 1969) The Logic of Leviathan, chpt 1, 2, 5 †¢ Sorrel, Tom, ( 1986) The Arguments Of Philosophies, chpt 8, 11 †¢ Sorrel, Tom ( 1996) Cambridge Companion to Hobbes, chpt 9 chpt = Chapter

Dynamics of crime and Delinquency Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dynamics of crime and Delinquency - Assignment Example This would not lead to the happiness of the society. Under this statement, Baccaria means that the stronger members of the society are guilty of oppressing the weaker members of the society. This is because they are accused of crimes, and hence they are under torture, to either confess them, or implicate others. Baccaria advocates against torturing a suspect, and this is mainly because they are not guilty, until the courts prove that they are indeed the ones who committed the offence. Furthermore, Baccaria advocates against the prison sentence (Barker and Colin, 29). He believes that imprisonment in a crime against humanity. On this basis, people should make policies aimed at preventing crime, instead of punishing crime. From this passage, we can denote that necessity refers to the preservation of the public liberty. These are rights and privileges enjoyed by the public. An individual can only be punished when they try to interfere with these public liberties. Baccaria denotes that justice is a bond that makes it possible to unite the society. Furthermore, justice is a concept that prevents individuals from being barbarians. This is the original state of mankind. On this basis, punishments that aim at destroying this bond of unity are not